How do insects achieve flight?

Insects achieve flight primarily by moving muscles at the base of their wings. This movement allows them to control the angle, speed, and rhythm of wing strokes, which are crucial for generating lift and thrust. The muscles that power the wings contract and relax in a coordinated manner, allowing the wings to flap effectively, thereby propelling the insect through the air. This mechanism of muscle contraction at the base provides the necessary power to overcome gravity and support flight. Additionally, the unique structure and flexibility of insect wings enable them to create specific aerodynamic effects, enhancing their ability to maneuver and navigate in various environments.

Other methods of flight, such as gliding or relying solely on wings without muscle movement, do not account for the active, controlled aspect of insect flight. While certain other organisms, like some birds or larger creatures, might utilize gliding or tail movements to assist in flight, insects predominantly depend on their muscular wing movements for sustained, powered flight.